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tool set and a reliable methodology for performing This course prepares you for EC-Council Certified Ethical Hacker exam 312-50 Learn More about the Certified Who Should Attend This course will significantly benefit security officers, auditors, security professionals, site administrators, and anyone who is concerned about the integrity of the network infrastructure. Duration: Certification Resources Learn More about the Certified Application holes is a general category referring to specific programming errors or oversights that allow hackers to penetrate systems. (Throughout the list we separately cover holes in specific applications that we are able to exploit frequently (such as sendmail).) As part of a penetration test you identify applications running on remote systems. Once identified, you can perform a search for vulnerabilities and exploits that affect the applications. Application identification is often performed by capturing the application's banner, which frequently offers version information. By searching vulnerability databases and the Web for exploits specific to these versions, you can often find exploits or processes that can lead to a system compromise. For example, in one engagement we were initially unable to gain access to any of the systems in the company's demilitarized zone (DMZ), but we did identify several applications and versions that were running on the systems. After performing some research, we discovered a vulnerability in the Compaq Web management service that enabled us to capture the backup SAM file out of the system's repair directory. The system OS was patched and configured correctly. However, the applications running on the system were not.
hacker tool kit is essentially a set of tools placed on a compromised system to help escalate privileges or to attack other systems. The hacker tool kit usually consists of a port scanner (Nmap), Netcat (for creating listeners and back doors), and any other tools you used during your discovery and exploitation phase. Create a directory on the host system disguised by a name that will not alert a general user or system administrator. The file could also be hidden or streamed to further avoid detection. Just remember that when the test is over you will need to remove the tool kit, so remember where it is located.Now that you have administrator access on the compromised host, you can run the tools from the host remotely or just use it as a stepping stone using port redirection. Port redirection involves taking network traffic coming into a host on one port and directing out from the host on another. For example, if we were able to compromise an NT Web server inside of a packet-filtering firewall, we would use a port redirection tool such as Fpipe to accept connections on a specified port and resend them to a specified port on a specified machine. On the compromised Web server we could set up a Netcat listener on port 80. On the compromised system we would execute: C:\>nc –l 80 –e cmd.exe On the testing system outside the firewall, we could use Fpipe to make the connection to the Web server using a different source port that is not filtered by the firewall. The following command would establish a listener on port 25 on the test machine and then redirect the connection to port 80 on the target system using the source port of 25. C:\>fpipe –l 25 –s 25 –r 80 webipaddress By using telnet to connect to the test system on port 25 we obtain a command prompt on the Web server inside the firewall. The traffic travels to port 80 from port 25 and thereby is able to bypass the filtering on the firewall. Using port redirection such as this, you can bypass filtering rules on packet-filtering firewalls or routers. Also, by remotely using a compromised host as a testing platform you may be able to take advantage of trust relationships. Buffer overflow attacks, also called data-driven attacks, can be run remotely to gain access and locally to escalate privileges. Buffer overflows in general are designed almost exclusively for UNIX because in order to write a successful buffer overflow, knowledge of the workings of the OS, specifically treatment of the TCP stack, or the target application's memory/buffer-handling processes is necessary. While there are buffer overflows for Windows and Windows-based applications such as the IIS Web server, they are more common on the UNIX environment. UNIX source code is generally available, whereas source code to Microsoft operating systems is generally not. This allows anyone interested to study and gain the knowledge needed to create buffer overflows for UNIX.A buffer overflow attack attempts to force the target host to change the flow of execution and execute code the attacker specifies. This is done by forcing the target to place so much data into the finite-capacity target buffer that it overflows (with data). This generally stalls or crashes the application through which data was loaded. The point is to redirect the kernel's pointer (which points to the next command to be executed) to a portion of that excessive data the hacker wants to have executed. This portion of data is called an egg. A buffer overflow is challenging to write, in part because it is OS and architecture specific.[1]
These buffer overflows generally only need to be downloaded onto the target system, compiled, and executed. You do not necessarily have to have root privileges to successfully run them. The hard part in performing these attacks is to find a buffer overflow that will work against your particular target. As mentioned, these attacks are OS and architecture specific. Further, if you are launching against a particular application or service, the version and patch level must be taken into consideration. The exploit code mentioned earlier that overflows the gethostbyname() buffer of the rlogin service on Solaris 2.5.1 is not likely to work on the HPUX OS or even more current versions of Solaris. Buffer overflow attacks are dangerous and effective. If you compile and launch a particular buffer overflow attack against a susceptible target (server, service, or application), it may need a bit of tweaking, but it will likely work. Use such exploits only when you are fully aware of what they are doing and all potential consequences. Further, any experimentation should be done only on machines that are under your own control. Buffer overflows can cause systems to crash, leading to a denial-of-service condition. Therefore, buffer overflows generally should not be attempted against production systems without the written permission of the client. Source: Hack IT: Security Through Penetration Testing |